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Vlsi Technology
CMOS technology has long been the dominant force in the field of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). However, like any other logic family, CMOS also has its limitations, which have been continuously addressed and improved over the years. Let's consider the example of processors, where process technology has seen rapid advancements, shrinking from 180nm in 1999 to 60nm in 2008, and now reaching 45nm. Efforts are underway to further reduce it to 32nm. Interestingly, while the initial focus was on reducing die area, recent developments have led to an increase in size due to the advantages of greater packing density and larger feature sizes. This means that more transistors can be accommodated on a single chip, enhancing overall performance and capabilities.
The era of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) began in the mid-eighties when the transistor count on a single chip surpassed 1000. This marked a significant milestone in the field. Although there have been continuous advancements and the transistor count continues to rise, subsequent generations beyond VLSI, such as Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI), are not commonly referred to. During this time, the MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) family gained dominance over TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) due to similar reasons that led to the decline of vacuum tubes, namely power dissipation and limitations on the number of gates that could be placed on a single die. This shift played a crucial role in the second revolution of integrated circuits, which began with the introduction of the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1972, followed by the 8080 in 1974. These advancements paved the way for the development of more powerful and sophisticated integrated circuits.
Scope Of VLSI
VLSI technology is pervasive and can be found in various electronic devices and gadgets, including personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and many other consumer electronics. It has become an integral part of our everyday lives. As the field of VLSI continues to mature, several key issues are actively researched and improved upon. These areas of focus contribute to the advancement of VLSI technology. Additionally, the figures and data demonstrate the visionary nature of Gordon Moore, as his famous Moore's Law still holds true with minor deviations. This trend, which predicts the doubling of transistors on a chip every two years, shows no signs of stopping in the foreseeable future. It showcases the remarkable progress and ongoing innovation in the field of VLSI technology.